Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Print ISSN: 2393-9079

Online ISSN: 2393-9087

CODEN : IJPPTK

Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (IJPP) open access, peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing since 2014 and is published under auspices of the Innovative Education and Scientific Research Foundation (IESRF), aim to uplift researchers, scholars, academicians, and professionals in all academic and scientific disciplines. IESRF is dedicated to the transfer of technology and research by publishing scientific journals, research content, providing professional’s membership, and conducting conferences, seminars, and award programs. With more...

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Get Permission Swain and Ghose: Theragnostic potential of biomarkers in early detection of breast cancer

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Theragnostic is a term derived from the combination of "therapy" and "diagnostics." It describes a tailored approach in the field of medicine that integrates both diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into a single drug or strategy.1 Theragnostic has gained importance in the field of breast cancer, providing a customized approach to both diagnosis and treatment of the illness. Molecular Imaging, such as PET/CT or MRI, is used in conjunction with targeted biomarkers to detect breast cancer cells. For example, radiolabelled tracers have the ability to attach to HER2 receptors, allowing for the visualization of breast cancer tumors that are HER2-positive. Biomarker identification may be achieved by theragnostic techniques, which often include the identification of particular biomarkers, such as hormone receptors (ER, PR) or HER2 status. These biomarkers can then inform the selection of appropriate therapies. Biomarkers play a vital role in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment planning, and therapy monitoring of breast cancer. These are biomolecules present in blood, bodily fluids, or tissues, and they provide crucial insights into the behavior of cancer.2 Hormone receptors, namely the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), are proteins located in or on breast cells. These receptors have the ability to attach to estrogen and progesterone molecules, respectively. The existence of these receptors indicates that the breast cancer cells depend on hormones for their growth. Tumors that express estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) have a favorable response to hormone-based treatments, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors. Both of them serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Breast cancers that are ER-positive have a more favorable outlook and are more likely to show a good response to hormone treatment.3 HER2, also known as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, is a protein. HER2/neu: This is a protein that stimulates cellular proliferation. Approximately 15-20% of breast tumors exhibit amplification of the HER2 gene, resulting in excessive production of the HER2 protein, hence increasing the aggressiveness of the malignancy. HER2 serves as both a prognostic and predictive biomarker. HER2-positive breast tumors may be effectively treated with specific medicines such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), pertuzumab, and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1).4 Ki-67 is a protein that is linked to the process of cell proliferation. The Ki-67 index quantifies the proportion of actively proliferating cells inside the tumor. A high Ki-67 value indicates rapid cancer growth.5 Application: Ki-67 serves as a predictive indicator for prognosis. It is often used to assess the cancer's level of aggressiveness and the need of treatment. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes responsible for DNA damage repair. Genetic mutations in these specific genes greatly elevate the likelihood of getting breast cancer and are linked to hereditary breast cancer. Application: BRCA mutations serve as prognostic indicators. They have the ability to have an impact on therapy choices, such as the utilization of PARP inhibitors and the deliberation of preventative operations.6, 7, 8 Biomarkers play a vital role in the management of breast cancer, providing essential information that guides diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. As research advances, new biomarkers continue to emerge, offering the potential for even more personalized and effective treatment strategies. Understanding and utilizing these biomarkers is key to improving outcomes for breast cancer patients.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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J Schick RP Ritchie C Restini Breast cancer therapeutics and biomarkers: Past, present, and future approachesBreast Cancer (Auckl)2021151178223421995854

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HL Chung HT Le-Petross JW Leung Imaging updates to breast cancer lymph node managementRadiographics2021415128399

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Y Mikami A Yamada C Suzuki S Adachi F Harada S Yamamoto Predicting nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer: A multicenter retrospective studyJ Surg Res20212644550

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C Voelkel-Johnson Sphingolipids in embryonic development, cell cycle regulation, and stemness-Implications for polyploidy in tumorsSemin Cancer Biol20228120619

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HJ Wu PY Chu Recent Discoveries of Macromolecule- and Cell-Based Biomarkers and Therapeutic Implications in Breast CancerInt J Mol Sci2021222636

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EA Rakha E Chmielik FC Schmitt PH Tan CM Quinn G Gallagy Assessment of Predictive Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Challenges and UpdatesPathobiol202289526377

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A Zhang X Wang C Fan X Mao The role of Ki67 in evaluating neoadjuvant endocrine therapy of hormone receptor-Positive breast cancerFront Endocrinol (Lausanne)202112687244

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J Chen J Sun Q Wang Y Du J Cheng J Yi Systemic deficiency of PTEN accelerates breast cancer growth and metastasisFront Oncol202212825484



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Article type

Editorial


Article page

114-115


Authors Details

Surya Kanta Swain, Debashish Ghose


Article History

Received : 14-08-2024

Accepted : 03-09-2024


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